009C Sample Final 1, Problem 9 Detailed Solution

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A curve is given in polar coordinates by

$r=\theta$

$0\leq \theta \leq 2\pi$

Find the length of the curve.

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Background Information:
1. The arc length  $L$  of a polar curve  $r=f(\theta )$  with  $\alpha _{1}\leq \theta \leq \alpha _{2}$  is given by
$L=\int _{\alpha _{1}}^{\alpha _{2}}{\sqrt {r^{2}+{\bigg (}{\frac {dr}{d\theta }}{\bigg )}^{2}}}~d\theta .$
2. How would you integrate  $\int {\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}~dx?$
You could use trig substitution and let  $x=\tan \theta .$
3. Recall that
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int \sec^3x~dx=\frac{1}{2}\sec x \tan x +\frac{1}{2}\ln|\sec x +\tan x|+C.}

Solution:

Step 1:
First, we need to calculate  ${\frac {dr}{d\theta }}$.
Since  $r=\theta ,~{\frac {dr}{d\theta }}=1.$
Using the arc length formula, we have
$L=\int _{0}^{2\pi }{\sqrt {\theta ^{2}+1}}~d\theta .$

Step 2:
Now, we proceed using trig substitution.
Let  $\theta =\tan x.$  Then,  $d\theta =\sec ^{2}(x)dx.$
So, the integral becomes
${\begin{array}{rcl}\displaystyle {L}&=&\displaystyle {\int _{\theta =0}^{\theta =2\pi }{\sqrt {\tan ^{2}x+1}}\sec ^{2}x~dx}\\&&\\&=&\displaystyle {\int _{\theta =0}^{\theta =2\pi }\sec ^{3}x~dx}\\&&\\&=&\displaystyle {{\frac {1}{2}}\sec x\tan x+{\frac {1}{2}}\ln |\sec x+\tan x|{\bigg |}_{\theta =0}^{\theta =2\pi }.}\\\end{array}}$

Step 3:
Since  $\theta =\tan x,$  we have  $x=\tan ^{-1}\theta .$
So, we have
${\begin{array}{rcl}\displaystyle {L}&=&\displaystyle {{\frac {1}{2}}\sec(\tan ^{-1}(\theta ))\theta +{\frac {1}{2}}\ln |\sec(\tan ^{-1}(\theta ))+\theta |{\bigg |}_{0}^{2\pi }}\\&&\\&=&\displaystyle {{\frac {1}{2}}\sec(\tan ^{-1}(2\pi ))2\pi +{\frac {1}{2}}\ln |\sec(\tan ^{-1}(2\pi ))+2\pi |.}\\\end{array}}$

Final Answer:
${\frac {1}{2}}\sec(\tan ^{-1}(2\pi ))2\pi +{\frac {1}{2}}\ln |\sec(\tan ^{-1}(2\pi ))+2\pi |$

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