009C Sample Final 1, Problem 4

Find the interval of convergence of the following series.

$\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }(-1)^{n}{\frac {(x+2)^{n}}{n^{2}}}$

Foundations:
Recall:
1. Ratio Test Let $\sum a_{n}$ be a series and $L=\lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }{\bigg |}{\frac {a_{n+1}}{a_{n}}}{\bigg |}$. Then,
If $L<1$, the series is absolutely convergent.
If $L>1$, the series is divergent.
If $L=1$, the test is inconclusive.
2. After you find the radius of convergence, you need to check the endpoints of your interval
for convergence since the Ratio Test is inconclusive when $L=1$.

Solution:

Step 1:
We proceed using the ratio test to find the interval of convergence. So, we have
${\begin{array}{rcl}\displaystyle {\lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }{\bigg |}{\frac {a_{n+1}}{a_{n}}}{\bigg |}}&=&\displaystyle {\lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }{\bigg |}{\frac {(-1)^{n+1}(x+2)^{n+1}}{(n+1)^{2}}}}{\frac {n^{2}}{(-1)^{n}(x+2)^{n}}}{\bigg |}\\&&\\&=&\displaystyle {|x+2|\lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }{\frac {n^{2}}{(n+1)^{2}}}}\\&&\\&=&\displaystyle {|x+2|\lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }{\bigg (}{\frac {n}{n+1}}{\bigg )}^{2}}\\&&\\&=&\displaystyle {|x+2|{\bigg (}\lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }{\frac {n}{n+1}}{\bigg )}^{2}}\\&&\\&=&\displaystyle {|x+2|(1)^{2}}\\&&\\&=&\displaystyle {|x+2|.}\\\end{array}}$

Step 2:
So, we have $|x+2|<1$. Hence, our interval is $(-3,-1)$. But, we still need to check the endpoints of this interval
to see if they are included in the interval of convergence.

Step 3:
First, we let $x=-1$. Then, our series becomes $\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }(-1)^{n}{\frac {1}{n^{2}}}.$
Since $n^{2}<(n+1)^{2}$, we have ${\frac {1}{(n+1)^{2}}}<{\frac {1}{n^{2}}}.$ Thus, ${\frac {1}{n^{2}}}$ is decreasing.
So, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (-1)^n \frac{1}{n^2}} converges by the Alternating Series Test.

Step 4:
Now, we let Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x=-3} . Then, our series becomes
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{array}{rcl} \displaystyle{\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (-1)^n \frac{(-1)^n}{n^2}} & = & \displaystyle{\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (-1)^{2n} \frac{1}{n^2}}\\ &&\\ & = & \displaystyle{\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^2}.}\\ \end{array}}
This is a convergent series by the p-test.

Step 5:
Thus, the interval of convergence for this series is Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle [-3,-1].}

Final Answer:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle [-3,-1]}

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