009C Sample Final 2, Problem 3

Determine if the following series converges or diverges. Please give your reason(s).

(a)  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^{+\infty} \frac{n!}{(2n)!}}

(b)  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^{+\infty} (-1)^n \frac{1}{n+1}}

Foundations:
1. Ratio Test
Let  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum a_n}   be a series and  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle L=\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\bigg|\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}\bigg|.}
Then,
If  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle L<1,}   the series is absolutely convergent.
If  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle L>1,}   the series is divergent.
If  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle L=1,}   the test is inconclusive.
2. If a series absolutely converges, then it also converges.
3. Alternating Series Test
Let  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \{a_n\}}   be a positive, decreasing sequence where  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} a_n=0.}
Then,  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^\infty (-1)^na_n}   and  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^\infty (-1)^{n+1}a_n}
converge.

Solution:

(a)

Step 1:
We begin by using the Ratio Test.
We have
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{array}{rcl} \displaystyle{\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\bigg|\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}\bigg|} & = & \displaystyle{\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \bigg| \frac{(n+1)!}{(2(n+1))!} \cdot\frac{(2n)!}{n!}\bigg|}\\ &&\\ & = & \displaystyle{\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \bigg| \frac{(n+1)n!}{(2n+2)(2n+1)(2n)!} \cdot \frac{(2n)!}{n!}\bigg|}\\ &&\\ & = & \displaystyle{\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \frac{n+1}{(2n+2)(2n+1)}}\\ &&\\ & = & \displaystyle{0.} \end{array}}

Step 2:
Since
$\lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }{\bigg |}{\frac {a_{n+1}}{a_{n}}}{\bigg |}=0<1,$
the series is absolutely convergent by the Ratio Test.
Therefore, the series converges.

(b)

Step 1:
For
$\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }(-1)^{n}{\frac {1}{n+1}},$
we notice that this series is alternating.
Let  $b_{n}={\frac {1}{n+1}}.$
The sequence  $\{b_{n}\}$  is decreasing since
${\frac {1}{n+2}}<{\frac {1}{n+1}}$
for all  $n\geq 0.$

Step 2:
Also,
$\lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }b_{n}=\lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }{\frac {1}{n+1}}=0.$
Therefore, the series  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^\infty (-1)^n\frac{1}{n+1}}   converges
by the Alternating Series Test.

Final Answer:
(a)    converges
(b)    converges

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