009B Sample Midterm 3, Problem 5

Evaluate the indefinite and definite integrals.

a)   Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int \tan^3x ~dx}

b)   Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int_0^\pi \sin^2x~dx}

Foundations:
Recall the trig identities:
1. Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \tan^2x+1=\sec^2x}
2. Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sin^2(x)=\frac{1-\cos(2x)}{2}}
How would you integrate Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \tan x~dx?}
You could use Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle u} -substitution. First, write Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int \tan x~dx=\int \frac{\sin x}{\cos x}~dx.}
Now, let Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle u=\cos(x).} Then, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle du=-\sin(x)dx.} Thus,
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{array}{rcl} \displaystyle{\int \tan x~dx} & = & \displaystyle{\int \frac{-1}{u}~du}\\ &&\\ & = & \displaystyle{-\ln(u)+C}\\ &&\\ & = & \displaystyle{-\ln|\cos x|+C.}\\ \end{array}}

Solution:

(a)

Step 1:
We start by writing
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int \tan^3x~dx=\int \tan^2x\tan x ~dx.}
Since Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \tan^2x=\sec^2x-1,} we have
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{array}{rcl} \displaystyle{\int \tan^3x~dx} & = & \displaystyle{\int (\sec^2x-1)\tan x ~dx}\\ &&\\ & = & \displaystyle{\int \sec^2x\tan x~dx-\int \tan x~dx.}\\ \end{array}}

Step 2:
Now, we need to use Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle u} -substitution for the first integral.
Let Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle u=\tan(x).} Then, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle du=\sec^2x~dx.} So, we have
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{array}{rcl} \displaystyle{\int \tan^3x~dx} & = & \displaystyle{\int u~du-\int \tan x~dx}\\ &&\\ & = & \displaystyle{\frac{u^2}{2}-\int \tan x~dx}\\ &&\\ & = & \displaystyle{\frac{\tan^2x}{2}-\int \tan x~dx.}\\ \end{array}}

Step 3:
For the remaining integral, we also need to use Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle u} -substitution.
First, we write
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int \tan^3x~dx=\frac{\tan^2x}{2}-\int \frac{\sin x}{\cos x}~dx.}
Now, we let Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle u=\cos x.} Then, $du=-\sin x~dx.$ So, we get
${\begin{array}{rcl}\displaystyle {\int \tan ^{3}x~dx}&=&\displaystyle {{\frac {\tan ^{2}x}{2}}+\int {\frac {1}{u}}~dx}\\&&\\&=&\displaystyle {{\frac {\tan ^{2}x}{2}}+\ln |u|+C}\\&&\\&=&\displaystyle {{\frac {\tan ^{2}x}{2}}+\ln |\cos x|+C.}\end{array}}$

(b)

Step 1:
One of the double angle formulas is $\cos(2x)=1-2\sin ^{2}(x).$
Solving for $\sin ^{2}(x),$ we get $\sin ^{2}(x)={\frac {1-\cos(2x)}{2}}.$
Plugging this identity into our integral, we get
${\begin{array}{rcl}\displaystyle {\int _{0}^{\pi }\sin ^{2}x~dx}&=&\displaystyle {\int _{0}^{\pi }{\frac {1-\cos(2x)}{2}}~dx}\\&&\\&=&\displaystyle {\int _{0}^{\pi }{\frac {1}{2}}~dx-\int _{0}^{\pi }{\frac {\cos(2x)}{2}}~dx.}\\\end{array}}$

Step 2:
If we integrate the first integral, we get
${\begin{array}{rcl}\displaystyle {\int _{0}^{\pi }\sin ^{2}x~dx}&=&\displaystyle {\left.{\frac {x}{2}}\right|_{0}^{\pi }-\int _{0}^{\pi }{\frac {\cos(2x)}{2}}~dx}\\&&\\&=&\displaystyle {{\frac {\pi }{2}}-\int _{0}^{\pi }{\frac {\cos(2x)}{2}}~dx.}\\\end{array}}$

Step 3:
For the remaining integral, we need to use $u$-substitution.
Let $u=2x.$ Then, $du=2~dx$ and ${\frac {du}{2}}=dx.$
Also, since this is a definite integral and we are using Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle u} -substitution, we need to change the bounds of integration.
We have Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle u_1=2(0)=0} and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle u_2=2(\pi)=2\pi.}
So, the integral becomes
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{array}{rcl} \displaystyle{\int_0^\pi \sin^2x~dx} & = & \displaystyle{\frac{\pi}{2}-\int_0^{2\pi} \frac{\cos(u)}{4}~du}\\ &&\\ & = & \displaystyle{\frac{\pi}{2}-\left.\frac{\sin(u)}{4}\right|_0^{2\pi}}\\ &&\\ & = & \displaystyle{\frac{\pi}{2}-\bigg(\frac{\sin(2\pi)}{4}-\frac{\sin(0)}{4}\bigg)}\\ &&\\ & = & \displaystyle{\frac{\pi}{2}.}\\ \end{array}}

Final Answer:
(a)   Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{\tan^2x}{2}+\ln |\cos x|+C}
(b)   Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{\pi}{2}}

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