009B Sample Midterm 2, Problem 1

This problem has three parts:

(a) State the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

(b) Compute   ${\frac {d}{dx}}\int _{0}^{\cos(x)}\sin(t)~dt.$

(c) Evaluate $\int _{0}^{\pi /4}\sec ^{2}x~dx.$

Foundations:
1. What does Part 1 of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus say about ${\frac {d}{dx}}\int _{0}^{x}\sin(t)~dt?$
Part 1 of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus says that
${\frac {d}{dx}}\int _{0}^{x}\sin(t)~dt=\sin(x).$
2. What does Part 2 of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus say about $\int _{a}^{b}\sec ^{2}x~dx$ where $a,b$ are constants?
Part 2 of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus says that
$\int _{a}^{b}\sec ^{2}x~dx=F(b)-F(a)$ where $F$ is any antiderivative of $\sec ^{2}x.$

Solution:

(a)

Step 1:
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus has two parts.
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 1
Let $f$ be continuous on $[a,b]$ and let $F(x)=\int _{a}^{x}f(t)~dt.$
Then, $F$ is a differentiable function on $(a,b)$ and $F'(x)=f(x).$

Step 2:
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2
Let $f$ be continuous on $[a,b]$ and let $F$ be any antiderivative of $f.$
Then,
$\int _{a}^{b}f(x)~dx=F(b)-F(a).$

(b)

Step 1:
Let $F(x)=\int _{0}^{\cos(x)}\sin(t)~dt.$
The problem is asking us to find $F'(x).$
Let $g(x)=\cos(x)$ and $G(x)=\int _{0}^{x}\sin(t)~dt.$
Then,
$F(x)=G(g(x)).$

Step 2:
If we take the derivative of both sides of the last equation,
we get
$F'(x)=G'(g(x))g'(x)$
by the Chain Rule.

Step 3:
Now, $g'(x)=-\sin(x)$ and $G'(x)=\sin(x)$
by the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 1.
Since
$G'(g(x))=\sin(g(x))=\sin(\cos(x)),$
we have
$F'(x)=G'(g(x))\cdot g'(x)=\sin(\cos(x))\cdot (-\sin(x)).$

(c)

Step 1:
Using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2, we have
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}}\sec^2 x~dx=\tan(x)\biggr|_{0}^{\pi/4}.}

Step 2:
So, we get
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}}\sec^2 x~dx=\tan \bigg(\frac{\pi}{4}\bigg)-\tan (0)=1.}

Final Answer:
(a)
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 1
Let Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f} be continuous on Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle [a,b]} and let Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F(x)=\int_a^x f(t)~dt.}
Then, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F} is a differentiable function on Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (a,b)} and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F'(x)=f(x).}
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2
Let $f$ be continuous on Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle [a,b]} and let Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F} be any antiderivative of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f.}
Then, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int_a^b f(x)~dx=F(b)-F(a).}
(b)     Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}\int_0^{\cos (x)}\sin (t)~dt\,=\,\sin(\cos(x))\cdot(-\sin(x)).}
(c)     Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int_{0}^{\pi/4}\sec^2 x~dx\,=\,1.}

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